Acronym Definition
VVIV Viva Variable Inlet Vane
VVIV Vivid Verbal Information Verification
VVIV Vivid Vortex Induced Vibration
VVIV Santa Cruz, Bolivia - Viru Viru International (Airport Code) Vacation
VVIV Single Chamber Ventricular Pacemaker
VVIV Vehicle Verification and Identification Visa
VVIV Velocity Vector Indicator (gaming)
VVIV Vermont Volunteer Infantry Viva
VVIV Vertical Velocity Indicator Vivid
VVIV VVImaging Vivid
VVIV Virtual Ventures Information Vision
VVIV Vivid
VVIV Viva
VVIV Viva Voce
VVIV Vive
VVIV Vivid Verse
VVIV Vital Vivers
VVIV Virtual Viv
VVIV Vivo Viv
VVIV V Viv
VVIV V Vivian
VVIV Virtual Viv
VVIV Villa Viv
Visit Vivian
Vivian, is a town in Caddo Parish, Louisiana, United States and is home to the
Red Bud Festival. The population was 4,031 at the 2000 census. It was founded as
a train stop in northern Louisiana and named after the daughter of an locomotive
engineer.
The current mayor is Dr. Steven Taylor MD.
Geography
Vivian is located at 32°52′16″N, 93°59′12″W (32.870974, -93.986731)GR1.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 13.3
km2 (5.2 mi2), all land.
Demographics
As of the censusGR2 of 2000, there were 4,031 people, 1,569 households, and
1,019 families residing in the town. The population density was 302.2/km2
(782.1/mi2). There were 1,812 housing units at an average density of 135.8/km2
(351.5/mi2). The racial makeup of the town was 63.90% White, 34.19% African
American, 0.52% Native American, 0.35% Asian, 0.02% from other races, and 1.02%
from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.72% of the
population.
There were 1,569 households out of which 32.3% had children under the age of 18
living with them, 42.2% were married couples living together, 19.4% had a female
householder with no husband present, and 35.0% were non-families. 31.7% of all
households were made up of individuals and 17.0% had someone living alone who
was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the
average family size was 3.16.
In the town the population was spread out with 29.9% under the age of 18, 8.4%
from 18 to 24, 23.6% from 25 to 44, 19.9% from 45 to 64, and 18.2% who were 65
years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there
were 81.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 74.9 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $23,800, and the median income
for a family was $29,867. Males had a median income of $26,844 versus $17,500
for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,267. About 21.4% of
families and 26.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including
42.0% of those under age 18 and 14.6% of those age 65 or over.
The town's single government-sponsored cultural organization is the North Caddo
Branch of the Shreve Memorial Library. The library is housed in the
once-abandoned, now-restored 60+-year old Vivian Elementary School Building.
This new library contains a wealth of primitive readings from early Louisiana
history, 2 expansive floors of books and periodicals, and numerous computers.
The library staff includes one widely-published author, who works as the
library's Reference Specialist.
Villa Viv
A villa was originally an upper-class country house, though since its origins in
Roman times the idea and function of a villa has evolved considerably. After the
fall of the Republic, a villa became a small, fortified farming compound,
gradually re-evolving through the Middle Ages into luxurious, upper-class
country homes. In modern parlance it can refer to a specific type of detached
suburban dwelling.
Roman
Roman villa.
A villa was originally a Roman country house built for the upper classes.
According to Pliny the Elder, there were several kinds of villas, the villa
urbana, which was a country seat that could easily be reached from Rome (or
another city) for a night or two, and the villa rustica, the farm-house estate,
permanently occupied by the servants who had charge generally of the estate,
which would centre on the villa itself, perhaps only seasonally occupied. There
was the domus, a city house for the middle class, and insulae, lower class
apartment buildings. (Read Ecce Romani, Vol.2) There were a concentration of
Imperial villas near the Bay of Naples, especially on the Isle of Capri, at
Monte Circeo on the coast and at Antium (Anzio). Wealthy Romans escaped the
summer heat in the hills round Rome, especially around Tibur (Tivoli) and
Frascati (cf Hadrian's Villa). Cicero is said to have possessed no fewer than
seven villas, the oldest of which was near Arpinum, which he inherited. Pliny
the Younger had three or four, of which the example near Laurentium is the best
known from his descriptions.
Roman writers refer with satisfaction to the self-sufficiency of their villas,
where they drank their own wine and pressed their own oil, a symptom of the
increasing economic fragmentation of the Roman empire. When complete working
villas were donated to the Christian church, they served as the basis for
monasteries that survived the disruptions of the Gothic War and the Lombards. An
outstanding example of such a villa-turned-monastery was Monte Cassino.
Numerous Roman villas have been meticulously examined in England. Like their
Italian counterparts, they were complete working agrarian societies of fields
and vineyards, perhaps even tileworks or quarries, ranged round a high-status
power center with its baths and gardens. The grand villa at Woodchester
preserved its mosaic floors when the Anglo-Saxon parish church was built (not by
chance) upon its site. Burials in the churchyard as late as the 18th century had
to be punched through the intact mosaic floors. The even more palatial villa
rustica at Fishbourne near Winchester was built uncharacteristically as a large
open rectangle with porticos enclosing gardens that was entered through a
portico. Towards the end of the 3rd century, Roman towns in Britain ceased to
expand: like patricians near the centre of the empire, Roman Britons withdrew
from the cities to their villas, which entered on a palatial building phase, a
"golden age" of villa life. Villae rusticae are essential in the Empire's
economy.
Two kinds of villa plan in Roman Britain may be characteristic of Roman villas
in general. The more usual plan extended wings of rooms all opening onto a
linking portico, which might be extended at right angles, even to enclose a
courtyard. The other kind featured an aisled central hall like a basilica,
suggesting the villa owner's magisterial role. The villa buildings were often
independent structures linked by their enclosed courtyards. Timber-framed
construction, carefully fitted with mortices and tenons and dowelled together,
set on stone footings, were the rule, replaced by stone buildings for the
important ceremonial rooms. Traces of window glass have been found as well as
ironwork window grilles.
Sub-Roman
As the Roman Empire collapsed in the fourth and fifth centuries, the villas were
more and more isolated and came to be protected by walls. Though in England the
villas were abandoned, looted, and burned by Anglo-Saxon invaders in the fifth
century, other areas had large working villas donated by aristocrats and
territorial magnates to individual monks that often became the nucleus of famous
monasteries. In this way, the villa system of late Antiquity was preserved into
the early Medieval period. Saint Benedict established his influential monastery
of Monte Cassino in the ruins of a villa at Subiaco that had belonged to Nero;
there are fuller details at the entry for Benedict. Around 590, Saint Eligius
was born in a highly-placed Gallo-Roman family at the 'villa' of Chaptelat near
Limoges, in Aquitaine (now France). The abbey at Stavelot was founded ca 650 on
the domain of a former villa near Liège and the abbey of Vézelay had a similar
founding. As late as 698, Willibrord established an abbey at a Roman villa of
Echternach, in Luxemburg near Trier, which was presented to him by Irmina,
daughter of Dagobert II, king of the Franks.
Post-Roman
In post-Roman times a villa referred to a self-sufficient, usually fortified
Italian or Gallo-Roman farmstead. It was economically as self-sufficient as a
village and its inhabitants, who might be legally tied to it as serfs were
villeins. The Merovingian Franks inherited the concept, but the later French
term was basti or bastide.
Villa (or its cognates) is part of many Spanish placenames, like Vila Real and
Villadiego: a villa is a town with a charter (fuero) of lesser importance than a
ciudad ("city"). When it is associated with a personal name, villa was probably
used in the original sense of a country estate rather than a chartered town.
Later evolution has made the Hispanic distinction between villas and ciudades a
purely honorific one. Madrid is the Villa y Corte, the villa considered to be
separate from the formerly mobile royal court, but the much smaller Ciudad Real
was declared ciudad by the Spanish crown.
Renaissance
In 14th and 15th century Italy, a 'villa' once more connoted a country house,
sometimes the family seat of power like Villa Caprarola, more often designed for
seasonal pleasure, usually located within easy distance of a city. The first
examples of Renaissance villa dates back to the age of Lorenzo de' Medici, and
they are mostly located in the Italian region of Tuscany (the "Medici villas")
such as the Villa di Poggio a Caiano by Giuliano da Sangallo (begun in 1470) or
the Villa Medici in Fiesole (since 1450), probably the first villa created under
the instructions of Leon Battista Alberti, who theorized in his De re
aedificatoria the features of the new idea of villa. The gardens are from that
period considered as a fundamental link between the residential building and the
country outside. From Tuscany the idea of villa was spread again through Italy
and Europe.
Rome had more than its share of villas with easy reach of the small
sixteenth-century city: the progenitor, the first villa suburbana built since
Antiquity, was the Belvedere or palazzetto, designed by Antonio Pollaiuolo and
built on the slope above the Vatican Palace. The Villa Madama, the design of
which, attributed to Raphael and carried out by Giulio Romano in 1520, was one
of the most influential private houses ever built; elements derived from Villa
Madama appeared in villas through the 19th century. Villa Albani was built near
the Porta Salaria. Other are the Villa Borghese; the Villa Doria Pamphili
(1650); the Villa Giulia of Pope Julius III (1550), designed by Vignola.
However, many among the most beautiful Roman villas, like Villa Ludovisi and
Villa Montalto, were destroyed during the late nineteenth century in the wake of
the real estate bubble that took place in Rome after the seat of government of a
united Italy was established at Rome.
The cool hills of Frascati gained the Villa Aldobrandini (1592); the Villa
Falconieri and the Villa Mondragone.
The Villa d'Este near Tivoli is famous for the water play in its terraced
gardens. The Villa Medici was on the edge of Rome, on the Pincian Hill, when it
was built in 1540.
List of famous villas
Palladio's usage
Palladian Villas.
In the later 16th century the villas designed by Andrea Palladio around Vicenza
and along the Brenta Canal in Venetian territories, remained influential for
over four hundred years. Palladio often unified all the farm buildings into the
architecture of his extended villas (as at Villa Emo).
Later usage
Heritage villas, late 19th century, Auckland, New Zealand.In the early 18th
century the English took up the term. Thanks to the revival of interest in
Palladio and Inigo Jones, soon neo-palladian villas dotted the valley of the
River Thames. In many ways Thomas Jefferson's Monticello is a villa. The Marble
Hill House in England was conceived originally as "villas" in the 18th-century
sense.
In the nineteenth century, villa was extended to describe any suburban house
that was free-standing in a landscaped plot of ground, as opposed to a 'terrace'
of joined houses. By the time 'semi-detached villas' were being erected at the
turn of the twentieth century, the term collapsed under its extension and
overuse. The suburban "villa" became a "bungalow" after World War I in
post-colonial Britain, and by extension the term is used for suburban bungalows
in both Australia and New Zealand, especially those dating from the period of
rapid suburban development between 1920 and 1950. The villa concept lives on in
southern Europe and in Latin America, where villas are associated with
upper-class social position and lifestyle.
Modern architecture also produced some important examples of buildings called
"villas":
Fallingwater by Frank Lloyd Wright
Villa Savoye in Poissy, France, by Le Corbusier
Villa Tugendhat in Brno, Czech Republic, by Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe
Virtual Viv
Sir Isaac Vivian Alexander Richards, (born St John's, Antigua on 7 March 1952)
is a former West Indian cricketer. Better known by his second name, Vivian or,
more popularly, simply as Viv Richards, he was chosen as the greatest ODI
batsman of all time by Wisden in 2002. In 2003 the list was revised and Viv was
re-ranked at number 2 behind Sachin Tendulkar of India.
Richards, also known as the "Master Blaster", was a forceful right-hand batsman
with an attacking style, a good fielder, a handy off-spin bowler and a
successful captain. His impressive style of play, and relaxed but determined
demeanour, made him a great crowd favourite.
The word "swagger" is frequently and aptly used to describe his batting style..
An inspiring figure, endowed with very keen eyesight, his batting often
dominated opposing bowlers. He had a great ability to drive good-length balls
from outside off-stump through midwicket, his trademark shot. He was widely
known for his habits of nonchalantly chewing gum while playing, and preferring
to wear a cap rather than a cricket helmet even against the fastest bowlers,
regardless of the personal danger.
International Career
Richards made his Test match debut for the West Indian cricket team in 1974
against India in Bangalore. He made an unbeaten 192 in the second Test of the
same series in New Delhi.
In his Test career, he scored 8,540 runs in 121 Test matches at an average of
50.23 (including 24 centuries). Richards also scored 5 centuries in World Series
Cricket between 1977-79. These are not recognised by the ICC as "official" Test
centuries, but the high standard of cricket played in this series means that
they can arguably be ranked alongside his 24 Test centuries. Richards won 27 of
50 matches as a Test captain, and lost only 8. He is also the scorer of the
fastest-ever Test century, from just 56 balls against England in Antigua during
the 1986 tour. He hit 84 sixes in test cricket. His highest innings of 291 is
sixth on the list West Indies' highest individual scores.
In 1975 Richards helped the West Indies to win the inaugural Cricket World Cup,
a feat he later described as the most memorable of his career. He starred in the
field, running out Alan Turner, Ian Chappell and Greg Chappell. The West Indies
were again able to win the following World Cup in 1979, thanks to a Richards
century in the final at Lords, and Richards believes that on both occasions,
despite internal island divisions, the Caribbean came together. . He was until
2005 the only man to score a century and take 5 wickets in the same one-day
international, against New Zealand at Dunedin in 1986-87. He rescued his side
from a perilous position at Old Trafford in 1984 and, in partnership with
Michael Holding, smashed 189 to win the game off his own bat.
1976 was perhaps Richards' finest year: he scored 1710 runs, at an astonishing
average of 90.00, with seven centuries in 11 Tests. This achievement is all the
more remarkable considering he missed the second Test at Lords after contracting
glandular fever; yet he returned to score his career-best 291 at the Oval later
in the summer. This tally stood as the world record for most Test runs by a
batsman in a single calendar year for 30 years until broken by Mohammad Yousuf
of Pakistan on November 30, 2006.
Richards captained the West Indies in fifty test matches from 1980-1991. He is
the only West Indies captain never to lose a Test series, and his fierce will to
win was a major contributory factor in achieving this remarkable achievement.
His captaincy was, however, not without controversy: one incident was his
aggressive, "finger-flapping" appeal leading to the incorrect dismissal of
England batsman Rob Bailey in the Barbados Test in 1990, which was described by
Wisden as "at best undignified and unsightly. At worst, it was calculated
gamesmanship" . This behaviour would nowadays be penalised according to Section
2.5. of the Rules of Conduct of the ICC Code of Conduct .
English county cricket
Richards had a long and successful career in the County Championship in England,
playing for many years for Somerset. In 1983, the team won the NatWest Bank
Trophy, with Richards and close friend Ian Botham having a slugging match in the
final few overs.
However, the performances declined, and the county finished bottom of the County
Championship in 1985, and next to bottom in 1986. New captain Peter Roebuck
became the centre of a controversy when he was instrumental in the county's
decision not to renew the contracts of Richards and compatriot Joel Garner for
the 1987 season, whose runs and wickets had brought the county much success in
the previous eight years. Somerset proposed to replace the pair with New Zealand
batsman Martin Crowe, and resultantly all-rounder Botham refused a new contract
and joined Worcestershire. After many years of bitterness and the eventual
removal of Roebuck from the club, Richards was honoured with the naming of a set
of entrance gates and a stand after him at the County Cricket Ground, Taunton.
After his sacking from Somerset, Richards spent one season in the Lancashire
Cricket League playing as Rishton CC's professional in preparation for the West
Indies tour the following season. Richards returned to county cricket for the
1990 season towards the end of his career to play for Glamorgan, helping them to
win the AXA Sunday League in 1993.
Retirement
Apart from his very exciting style of play, Richards is held in great public
esteem for his personal principles in refusing a "blank-cheque" offer to play
for a rebel West Indies squad in South Africa during the Apartheid era in 1983,
and again in 1984.
He was chosen as a Wisden Cricketer of the Year for 1977.
In 2000, Richards was named by a 100-member panel of experts one of the five
Wisden Cricketers of the Century. He received 25 votes, behind Sir Donald
Bradman (100 votes), Sir Garfield Sobers (90 votes), Sir Jack Hobbs (30 votes)
and Shane Warne (27 votes).
He also played football for Antigua, appearing in qualifying matches for the
1974 World Cup.
Richards is regularly heard on BBC's Test Match Special (TMS). He is well-liked
by listeners, for his insightful views and knowledge of the game.
Personal life
Richards had a brief relationship with a renowned Indian Bollywood actress,
Neena Gupta, with whom he has a daughter Masaba (born: 1989).
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